Gaucher (go-SHAY) disease is the result of a buildup of certain fatty substances in certain organs, particularly your spleen and liver. This causes these organs to enlarge and can affect their function.
The fatty substances also can build up in bone tissue, weakening the bone and increasing the risk of fractures. If the bone marrow is affected, it can interfere with your blood's ability to clot.
An enzyme that breaks down these fatty substances doesn't work properly in people with Gaucher disease. Treatment often includes enzyme replacement therapy.
An inherited disorder, Gaucher disease is most common in Jewish people of Eastern and Central European descent (Ashkenazi). Symptoms can appear at any age.
Symptoms
There are different types of Gaucher disease, and signs and symptoms of disease vary widely, even within the same type. Type 1 is by far the most common.
Siblings, even identical twins, with the disease can have different levels of severity. Some people who have Gaucher disease have only mild or no symptoms.
Most people who have Gaucher disease have varying degrees of the following problems:
- Abdominal complaints. Because the liver and especially the spleen can enlarge dramatically, the abdomen can become painfully distended.
- Skeletal abnormalities. Gaucher disease can weaken bone, increasing the risk of painful fractures. It can also interfere with the blood supply to your bones, which can cause portions of the bone to die.
- Blood disorders. A decrease in healthy red blood cells (anemia) can result in severe fatigue. Gaucher disease also affects the cells responsible for clotting, which can cause easy bruising and nosebleeds.
More rarely, Gaucher disease affects the brain, which can cause abnormal eye movements, muscle rigidity, swallowing difficulties and seizures. One rare subtype of Gaucher disease begins in infancy and typically results in death by 2 years of age.
When to see a doctor
If you or your child has the signs and symptoms associated with Gaucher disease, make an appointment with your doctor.
Causes
Gaucher disease is passed along in an inheritance pattern called autosomal recessive. Both parents must be carriers of a Gaucher changed (mutated) gene for their child to inherit the condition.
To have an autosomal recessive disorder, you inherit two changed genes (mutations), one from each parent. These disorders are usually passed on by two carriers. Their health is rarely affected, but they have one changed gene (recessive gene) and one unaffected gene (dominant gene) for the condition. Two carriers have a 25% chance of having an unaffected child with two unaffected genes (left), a 50% chance of having an unaffected child who also is a carrier (middle), and a 25% chance of having an affected child with two recessive changed genes (right).
Risk factors
People of Eastern and Central European Jewish (Ashkenazi) ancestry are at higher risk of developing the most common variety of Gaucher disease.
Complications
Gaucher disease can result in:
- Delays in growth and puberty in children
- Gynecological and obstetric problems
- Parkinson's disease
- Cancers such as myeloma, leukemia and lymphoma
Diagnosis
During a physical exam, your doctor will press on your or your child's abdomen to check the size of the spleen and liver. To determine if your child has Gaucher disease, the doctor will compare your child's height and weight to standardized growth charts.
He or she might also recommend certain lab tests, imaging scans and genetic counseling.
Lab tests
Blood samples can be checked for levels of the enzyme associated with Gaucher disease. Genetic analysis can reveal whether you have the disease.
Imaging Tests
People diagnosed with Gaucher disease typically require periodic tests to track its progression, including:
- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This test uses low-level X-rays to measure bone density.
- MRI. Using radio waves and a strong magnetic field, an MRI can show whether the spleen or liver is enlarged and if bone marrow has been affected.
Preconception screening and prenatal testing
You might want to consider genetic screening before starting a family if you or your partner is of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage or if either of you have a family history of Gaucher disease. In some cases, doctors recommend prenatal testing to see if the fetus is at risk of Gaucher disease.
Treatment
While there's no cure for Gaucher disease, a variety of treatments can help control symptoms, prevent irreversible damage and improve quality of life. Some people have such mild symptoms that they don't need treatment.
Your doctor likely will recommend routine monitoring to watch for disease progression and complications. How often you'll need to be monitored will depend on your situation.
Medications
Many people who have Gaucher disease have seen improvements in their symptoms after beginning treatment with:
- Enzyme replacement therapy. This approach replaces the deficient enzyme with artificial ones. These replacement enzymes are given in an outpatient procedure through a vein (intravenously), typically in high doses at two-week intervals. Occasionally people have an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction to enzyme treatment.
- Miglustat (Zavesca). This oral medication appears to interfere with the production of fatty substances that build up in people with Gaucher disease. Diarrhea and weight loss are common side effects.
- Eliglustat (Cerdelga). This drug also seems to inhibit the production of fatty substances that build up in people with the most common form of Gaucher disease. Possible side effects include fatigue, headache, nausea and diarrhea.
- Osteoporosis drugs. These types of medication can help rebuild bone weakened by Gaucher disease.
Surgical and other procedures
If your symptoms are severe and you're not a candidate for less invasive treatments, your doctor might suggest:
- Bone marrow transplant. In this procedure, blood-forming cells that have been damaged by Gaucher disease are removed and replaced, which can reverse many of Gaucher signs and symptoms. Because this is a high-risk approach, it's performed less often than is enzyme replacement therapy.
- Spleen removal. Before enzyme replacement therapy became available, removing the spleen was a common treatment for Gaucher disease. Now this procedure typically is used as a last resort.
Coping and support
Having any chronic illness can be difficult, but having a rare disease like Gaucher can be even harder. Few people know about the disease, and even fewer understand the challenges you face. You might find it helpful to talk to someone else who has the Gaucher disease or someone who has a child with the disease. Talk to your doctor about support groups in your area.
Preparing for an appointment
You're likely to start be seeing your primary care provider. Then you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders (hematologist) or to a doctor who specializes in inherited disorders (geneticist).
What you can do
Before the appointment, you may want to write a list of answers to the following questions:
- Has anyone in your family been diagnosed with Gaucher disease?
- Have any children in your extended family died before the age of 2 years?
- What medications and supplements do you take regularly?
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor might ask questions, including:
- What are the symptoms, and when did they begin?
- Is there pain in the abdomen or bones?
- Have you noticed easy bruising or nosebleeds?
- What's your family's ancestral heritage?
- Are there diseases or symptoms that have occurred in several generations in your family?
Copyright © 1998-2024 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved.